If you compare Uralic vowels to IE consonant phonation (presentation slides, 2021, in Russian) and to IE secondary articulations (list published as a paper in a memorial volume, 2017, also in Russian), the number of plausible lexical matches rises quite steeply. In my account of Oti-Volta (due to appear Real Soon Now) I do use lexicostatistics for this, but I also cheat freely: I think this is defensible so long as you clearly explain when you are cheating, why you are cheating, and just what difference the cheating has made to your final classification. I checked Rabin, their quoted source (Lexicostatistics and the internal divisions of Semitic, in Bynon and Bynons Hamito-Semitica, 1975, doi: 10.1515/9783111356167.85). At least I think its the same morpheme, borrowed from MLG/Dutch. This is why wildimage: if we represent the hiatus in naukoobrazno with the space in wild image, wildimage will reflect my discomfort with dikobraz. ), Theyre so intimidating that I never dared look inside! You could just bang ahead with a mindless one-size-fits-all algorithm and hope that all the errors will cancel each other out, of course but realistically, lexicostatistics cant really tell you anything if you dont nearly know the answer already. Its not so hard to imagine them just being dropped altogether. He divides Erythrean into Cushitic, comprising Beja, Agaw, and East-South Cushitic, and North Erythrean, comprising Chadic and Boreafrasian. According to his classification, Boreafrasian consists of Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic. In fact by modern classification shad, alewives, and herring are all fairly close relatives of each other (Clupeidae), but sharks are so distantly related that whales are in fact closer (Euteleostomi). Yes, it seems to be pan-Brythonic. I suspect fish may be the sort of word that is fairly easily replaced by words originally referring to some particularly culturally important kind of fish (as has presumably happened with Tocharian B laks fish, for example.). Here (West Eurasia) I know cities where cats approach humans and humans treat them and cities where cats would ran from you if you approach them. Technically, the title page doesnt carry your name, but the headers atop each individual page do. ), these animals are not labeled with the Spanish word for shark, tiburn, but instead with titles like cazn, a word commonly used for several types of fish. The assumption that cognacy based on inheritance can be reliably distinguished from borrowing among closely related languages. Basically Blench should have been around fifty-plus years ago, when his admirable empiricism might have headed off some of the Greenbergian hyperlumpery at the pass. Fischerei, Du. You have no idea how perfectly that jibes with local stereotypes. If you have to cherry-pick your phylum, this does not seem to be a very scientific procedure. Conscientious, Favorite rave review, by Teju Cole: It is simply not necessary to distinguish them before making the dataset. However, Gsiorowski instead suggests that *-rijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sr suffixed with *-ih, creating a suffix *-sr-ih for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-s. NB: I wrote it this way because I do not know the actual distribution. Present status of many groups is uncertain, and you can never prove absence of a link anyway. An ka taa (resources and lessons for Bambara, Dioula, Malink, and Mandinka) This sort of thing is all over the place in Bantu as well. There are ways to distinguish those things. and published several articles in Arabic, and I think this thesis is only accessible in Khartoum. The Calvert Journal (a daily briefing on the culture and creativity of modern Russia), Linguablogs: Contamination from *du- This might be a fuss over word use. There are. Honey, sorry, but were going to need to quit our jobs, pull the kids out of school and move to Darfur. Sarostins method would (I think) put Proto-Oti-Volta at about 4000 YBP, which seems a bit early given how much of the protolanguage is still fairly easily reconstructable (its nothing like Indo-European levels of difficulty) but is by no means impossible. Vinces assignment from the Lord is to proclaim that the Bisrat (Gospel) of Yeshua is for all nations, tribes and tongues and to do this by teaching on the earliest history of Christianity in Africa and Asia. I always recommend it for improving ones self-esteem and to people who believe foreign langauges are difficult and wish it were used as the language of international communication exactly because of its system of tenses and irregular verbs. Anyway: textbooks claim that Mande is N-K, Wikipedia does, this paper does NOT say it. The relevant Berber forms, such as Siwi yttus, arent even reconstructible for proto-Berber, and are mainly attested in Tunisia and eastward, in areas where Latin had a particularly strong presence; they are much more likely to be loans from Latin into Berber (and are treated as such in Kossmanns The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber, the most recent general study of loanwords in Berber). I just noticed I missed a whole bunch of comments here. there were Khoisan-speaking itinerant hunter-gatherer/blacksmiths, To me, separate movements of Natufian related peoples at widely divergent periods, into Egypt, North African and Ethiopia (more than once), where they found a crazy diversity of substrates that in some cases involved hunter-gatherers whose languages may have been diverging for 70,000 years or more in situ, and interacted with them for centuries in non-state settings where most forces were centrifugal, few were homogenizing. Has anybody suggested any? Eastern part of the family. recently I read Western Bantuists as Bantuists who speak a western Bantu. The failure was total, and we were not able to find a better tree by omitting any one language. Within Volta-Congo, Bantu is quite a good illustration of the traps involved, as I ceaselessly reiterate. Which, yknow, isnt that bad; compare Uralic & Altaic. I didnt think it had ever not been accepted. Salmon have a life cycle that brings them from the ocean far upriver to spawn, but certainly theyre easier to catch in rivers. Because of its low requirements to memory and processor and traffic it was the most popular browser for African mobile phones. * Actually, some the noun-class mergers do look driven by phonological changes: Buli, for example, has mergers which seem pretty clearly the result of the sg suffixes *fu and *bu falling together, and the different Gurma languages have adopted various strategies to repair the class system after the phonologically regular loss of the consonant in the pl suffix *si. I assume deep antiquity had much more diversity, that was erased in the period youre mentioning, because of recognizable, new centralizing forces of trade, conquest and prestige. fiskrij), n. [Mnt vischerie] L. [(3) they all descend from a single group of colonizers. As for Nilo-Saharan, earlier this month I managed to present something making the case for Songhay and Saharan being related and even Saharan by itself is an old enough family that you can barely discern the traces of a common personal pronoun system. The noun class systems are certainly striking. Blench doesnt go round finding spurious traces of noun classes in Dogon in order to make it fit Niger-Congo better. wood s lot The most geocities thing Ive seen in decades. @DE, if you mean Meinhof, no. matching all those nineteenth-century preconceptions about complex morphology being older. Yom-Nawdm is also closer to WOV than to the Gurma languages: theres no reason to think it forms a branch with Gurma. Nobody really says that. As you say, theres new high-quality data coming in a lot these days, as well; this is not the least of the things that makes a fresh look at comparative Oti-Volta work both possible and fruitful, too (though thats a whole lot less challenging than Eastern Sudanic.). Wikipedia rather describes them as Cossack nobility under construction. If we had no Indo-European languages to compare apart from the modern ones, along with just Old Welsh (doing duty for Old Nubian), the Gaulish remains would be of some value but not a lot. Its easy to understand (hypothetically) how such a situation could evolve after an intrusive Neolithic arrival of AA. llygoden logodenn, collective noun logod. Combine that with the apparent prevalence of Natufian Y-haplotypes among Berbers and Somalis, and Im starting to suspect that Militarev got it right after all when he identified Afroasiatic with Natufian, least moves notwithstanding. 2a and 2b below). Proto-Afroasiatic) was spoken. I had, indeed, believed the converse: that the city of Ur was not called that natively, but named by some German archaeologist because of its extreme antiquity. It thus represents something of a hybrid writing system, combining the consonantal nature of Proto-Canaanite with the graphic form of the Mesopotamian scripts, although some scholars have argued that the shapes of the Ugaritic consonantal characters were themselves modeled on the Proto-Canaanite symbols but executed with the cuneiform stylus. was that Bantu preserved the system of the protolanguage, from which everyone else has degenerated (nicely matching nineteenth-century conceptions of language change in general.) Head-and-shoulder portrait of Adam Smith: INVISIBLE HAND). But one of languages that I read in is Afrikaans. Because why not. Sheep can be reconstructed for Proto-Oti-Volta without much trouble, and the etymon seems to be shared with Grusi (making it Gur, at least), but it doesnt seem to go any further back. Certainly on libgen), and there: The glamour mags all deal primarily with the natural sciences, so there may not have been an editor available who knew much of anything about linguistics. And geese are poultry. Not everything here hedge, pike, spike, pin, spine, tine, brod, means exactly a thorn/prick[le] etc., but many do, many mean similar things and I could name many more. Nor do these problems come as news to comparativists, who have been well aware of them right from the beginning. (b) this relative absence of morphology is a datum in its own right. Tony Nadens dictionaries imply that fox in Ghanaian English actually means jackal, which would explain a lot: it wasnt that my informant was wrong, but that I misunderstood him. Could it simply be older than the Germanic *o > *a shift? Do the verbs have clear cognates outside the family about as much as nouns do? -in- is either less common, or in combination with -ka, or in specialized meanings (like demonyms). I was idly wondering whether the Kusaal particle n which follows imperfective verb forms to give them a continuous/progressive sense might be connected with the locative postposition n, which could make sense given the way that many languages make a progressive along the lines of Im a-singing., Unfortunately I dont think the comparative evidence fits with this idea very well, though its hard to say anything definite about it because both words show a bewildering array of reflexes even within Western Oti-Volta, alternating between /m/n even between otherwise closely related languages. (I think Blench has a bit of a nerve in moaning about methodological errors by those who respond poorly to hand-waving.). Having a local nest (sceintific school, like in Leiden) does not harm. And I believe we know that agriculture and herding flowed out into Egypt, and have no particular evidence of flows in the other direction at relevant times. In this study, agrammatic subjects systematically substituted rather than omitted inflections in Italian, a language in which -inflected stems generally result in nonwords. Lateral gene transfer should have exactly the same confounding effects as convergence or as linguistic borrowing. They also describe North African Amazighen and Arab genetics as being similar, with heterogeneity and many outliers, but that neighboring populations tend to mirror each other more than people elsewhere to whom theyre culturally connected. ), However, I do sometimes have a feeling that ones position on the lumper-splitter continuum may have more to do with Myers-Briggs types than the rigorous intellectual analysis one likes to ascribe to oneself , he always reacts by saying that all this shows is that Mande (or Dogon) was a very early branch, split off before those features had actually developed. In fact, it was a certain Edgar Gregersen who seems to have felt that the relationship was likely because of the difficulty of classifying Songhay, why not. Schleicher published six years before the O.S., and he and Darwin exchanged letters. ninth century) and Aramaic (ca. A good many Hausaphones (some pretty eminent) have published on Hausa, for example. Proto-Semitic passed through the Nile delta from the West to the East, and reached Western Asia, where written documents of the third millennium B.C. Dont worry, obscurum per obscurius is the motto of LH. Our phylogenetic network (Figure 4) shows that there was not a third domestication process, rather there was a single origin of domesticated taurine (Asian, African, and European all share a recent common ancestor denoted by an asterisk in Figure 4, with Asian cattle sister to the rest of the taurine lineage), followed by admixture with an ancestral population in Africa (migration edge a in Figure 4, which is consistent across 6 separate TreeMix runs, Figure S4). I dont think anyone has seriously suggested that AA originated in NW Africa; Berber certainly reflects an early expansion from the east. or a fish . Cf. As shown by the unfortunate typos, this issue is not necessarily breathtakingly groundbreaking and worthy of Nature. As above, but later, through an already desertified Sahara. As in the spread of back /r/ across the French-German isogloss bundle. I did not know (and cant readily think of a Russian translation, but I am not a geographer:)). Less inanely, he proposed that the relationship could be seen in a parallel between the supposed Nilo-Saharan t/k sg/pl opposition and the supposed Niger-Congo de/ga noun class. It was a noun, not a verb, but thats alright; not everything has to be deverbal, even in Semitic. A wise companion is Sorrow. On a slightly different tack, I wonder to what extent the interpretation of Hittite texts actually was helped by IE comparison. Bangime and Dogon are equally close to Basque. A Dictionary of Tocharian B (with etymologies) 168 0 obj <> endobj BANTU. Stachelswein and hystrix too. As far as I know, the new & flashy hypothesis that Semitic originated where East & West Semitic met in historical times is textbook wisdom. Making the dataset of AA nineteenth-century preconceptions about complex morphology being older and can! That AA originated in NW Africa ; Berber certainly reflects an early expansion from the beginning bantu semitic language obscurius the., n. [ Mnt vischerie ] L. 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